A complete list of every single command and control you can do.
Mastering the controls in GTA 5 is key to becoming the ultimate criminal kingpin. In this guide, we'll break down all the essential controls for GTA 5 and GTA Online across PC, PlayStation (PS3, PS4 and PS5), and Xbox (Xbox 360, Xbox One and Xbox Series X|S) platforms. From basic movement and combat to advanced vehicle maneuvers and editor mode, you'll find everything you need to dominate the streets and pull off the most daring heists. We've organized the controls into easy-to-navigate sections, so you can quickly reference the ones you need in the heat of the moment.
PC Controls
All PC controls for GTA 5 and GTA Online:
General
</table.
Movement
| Action |
Primary |
| Pause |
P |
| Radar Zoom/Multiplayer Info |
Z |
| Cycle Camera |
V |
| Toggle Special Ability |
CAPS LOCK |
| Character Selector |
Left ALT |
| Switch to Michael |
F5 |
| Switch to Franklin |
F6 |
| Switch to Trevor |
F7 |
| Switch to GTA Online |
F8 |
| Interaction Menu |
M |
| Start/Stop Recording |
F1 |
| Start/Stop Action Replay Recording |
F2 |
| Cancel Recording |
F3 |
| Context Action |
E |
</table.
Combat
| Action |
Primary |
| Move Forward |
W |
| Move Back |
S |
| Move Left |
A |
| Move Right |
D |
| Jump |
SPACEBAR |
| Sprint |
Left SHIFT |
| Enter Vehicle |
F |
| Stealth Mode |
Left CTRL |
| Look Behind (on foot) |
C |
</table.
Weapon Selection
| Action |
Primary |
Secondary |
| Aim Weapon/ Lock-On |
RMB |
|
| Take Cover |
Q |
|
| Grenade/Sticky Bomb |
G |
|
| Light Melee Attack |
R |
|
| Heavy Melee Attack |
O |
|
| Melee Dodge |
SPACEBAR |
|
| Fire Weapon |
LMB |
|
| Reload |
R |
|
| Toggle weapon accessory |
E |
|
| Sniper/Camera Zoom in |
Mouse Wheel forward |
] |
| Sniper/Camera Zoom in |
Mouse Wheel back |
|
</table.
Vehicle Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Weapon Wheel |
TAB |
| Next Weapon |
Mouse Wheel forward |
| Previous weapon |
Mouse Wheel back |
| Select Unarmed |
1 |
| Select Melee |
2 |
| Select Shotgun |
3 |
| Select Heavy Weapon |
4 |
| Select Special Weapon |
5 |
| Select Pistol |
6 |
| Select SMG |
7 |
| Select Assault Rifle |
8 |
| Select Sniper Rifle |
9 |
</table.
Other Vehicle Controls
| Action |
Primary |
Secondary |
| Exit Vehicle |
F |
|
| Next Vehicle Weapon |
Mouse Wheel forward |
Tab |
| Previous Vehicle Weapon |
[ |
|
| Look Behind (in Vehicle) |
C |
|
| Next Radio Station |
. |
Mouse Wheel down |
| Previous Radio Station |
, |
|
| Next custom radio track |
= |
|
| Previous custom radio track |
- |
|
| Cinematic Camera |
R |
|
| Radio Wheel |
Q |
|
| Cinematic Slowmo |
L |
|
| Duck |
X |
|
| Stunt Jump Slow Motion Speed Up |
Mouse Wheel forward |
PAGEUP |
| Stunt Jump Slow Motion Speed Down |
PAGEDOWN |
|
</table.
Aircraft Controls
| Action |
Primary |
Secondary |
| Accelerate |
W |
|
| Brake |
S |
|
| Steer Left |
A |
|
| Steer Right |
D |
|
| Lean/Tilt Forward |
Left SHIFT |
Num8 |
| Lean/Tilt Backward |
Left CTRL |
Num5 |
| Fire drive-by weapon |
LMB |
|
| Aim drive-by weapon |
RMB |
|
| Headlights |
H |
|
| Handbrake |
SPACEBAR |
|
| Horn |
E |
|
| Bicycle Sprint |
CAPS |
|
| Bicycle Front Break |
Q |
|
| Toggle Driving Mouse Control (Hold) |
LMB |
|
| Convertible raise/lower top |
H (when stopped) |
|
</table.
Submersible Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Aircraft Throttle Up |
W |
| Aircraft Throttle Down |
S |
| Aircraft Yaw Left |
A |
| Aircraft Yaw Right |
D |
| Aircraft Roll Left |
Num4 |
| Aircraft Roll Right |
Num6 |
| Aircraft Pitch Forward |
Num8 |
| Aircraft Pitch Back |
Num5 |
| Aircraft Fire |
Space |
| Aircraft Target Left |
Num7 |
| Aircraft Target Right |
Num9 |
| Toggle Landing Gear |
G |
| Aircraft Grappling Hook/VTOL Mode |
E |
| Toggle Aircraft Weapon Camera |
INSERT |
| Toggle Aircraft Mouse Control (Hold) |
LMB |
</table.
Parachute Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Sub Throttle Up |
W |
| Sub Throttle Down |
S |
| Sub Hard Turn Left |
A |
| Sub Hard Turn Right |
D |
| Sub Turn Left |
Num4 |
| Sub Turn Right |
Num6 |
| Sub Pitch Forward |
Num8 |
| Sub Pitch Back |
Num5 |
| Sub Ascend |
Left SHIFT |
| Sub Descend |
Left CTRL |
| Toggle Submersible Mouse Control (Hold) |
LMB |
</table.
Cellphone Commands
| Action |
Primary |
Secondary |
| Parachute Pitch Forward |
W |
|
| Parachute Pitch Back |
S |
|
| Parachute Turn Left |
A |
|
| Parachute Turn Right |
D |
|
| Parachute Deploy |
LMB |
F |
| Parachute Detach |
F |
|
| Parachute Break Left |
Q |
|
| Parachute Break Right |
E |
|
| Parachute Precision Control |
Left SHIFT |
|
| Parachute Smoke |
X |
|
</table.
GTA Online Keys
| Action |
Primary |
Secondary |
| Use Phone |
Up Arrow |
Middle Mouse |
| Phone Up |
UP arrow |
|
| Phone Down |
DOWN arrow |
|
| Phone Left |
LEFT arrow |
|
| Phone Right |
RIGHT arrow |
|
| Phone Select |
ENTER |
LMB |
| Phone Cancel |
BACKSPACE |
RMB |
| Phone Special Option |
SPACEBAR |
MMB |
| Phone Scroll Forward |
Mouse Wheel back |
|
| Phone Scroll Back |
Mouse Wheel forward |
|
| Change Mode (Camera) |
MMB |
E |
| Change Expression (Camera) |
X |
|
| Toggle Grid (Camera) |
G |
|
| Adjust Depth of Field (Camera) |
F |
|
</table.
Director Mode
| Action |
Primary |
| Text Chat Everyone |
T |
| Text Chat Team |
Y |
| Push to Talk |
N |
| Point at |
B |
| Drop weapon |
F9 |
| Drop Ammunition |
F10 |
Recording
| Action |
Primary |
| Start Recording |
F1 |
| Stop Recording |
F1 |
| Action Replay ON |
F2 |
| Action Replay OFF |
F3 |
| Action Replay SAVE |
F1 |
| Cancel Recording |
F3 |
Timeline Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Switch menu/times |
ESC / RMB |
| Playhead Control |
Mouse Wheel scroll |
| Navigation |
W,A,S,D / Cursors |
| Pick Clip |
Hold LMB / Left CTRL + X |
| Place Clip |
Release LMB / ENTER / Left CTRL + V |
| Duplicate Clip |
Left CTRL + C |
| Edit Clip |
LMB / ENTER |
| Delete Clip |
DELETE |
| Trim Audio / Text Start |
Q (hold) |
| Trim Audio / Text End |
E (hold) |
| Manual Trim Clip |
/ |
| Trim Audio Clip Snap |
Left / Right |
| Audio Preview |
SPACEBAR |
| Stop Audio Preview |
SPACEBAR |
Clip Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Play |
SPACEBAR |
| Pause |
SPACEBAR |
| Cycle Markers |
/ |
| Add Marker |
M |
| Select Marker |
LMB / ENTER |
| Delete Marker |
DELETE |
| Move Marker |
Hold LMB |
| Scrub |
Mouse Wheel scroll |
| Fine Scrub |
Left / Right cursor |
| Hide HUD |
H |
| Save |
F5 |
Free Camera Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Move Camera |
W, A, S, D |
| Rotate Camera |
Drag LMB |
| Camera Height |
Mouse Wheel scroll / Q / E |
| Camera Zoom |
Z / C |
| Camera Roll |
Left / Right cursor |
PlayStation Controls
All PlayStation console controls for GTA 5 and GTA Online:
General
</table.
Movement
| Action |
Primary |
| Pause |
Options Button |
| Radar Zoom/Multiplayer Info |
D-Pad Down (Tap) |
| Cycle Camera |
Create Button |
| Toggle Special Ability |
L3 + R3 |
| Character Selector |
D-Pad Down (Hold) |
| Interaction Menu |
Create Button (Hold) |
| Start/Stop Recording |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Start/Stop Action Replay Recording |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Cancel Recording |
D-Pad Down + Circle |
| Context Action |
D-Pad Right |
</table.
Combat
| Action |
Primary |
| Move Forward |
Left Stick Forward |
| Move Back |
Left Stick Backward |
| Move Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Move Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Jump |
Square |
| Sprint |
Tap X Repeatedly |
| Enter Vehicle |
Triangle |
| Stealth Mode |
Press L3 Button |
| Look Behind (on foot) |
Press R3 Button |
</table.
Weapon Selection
| Action |
Primary |
| Aim Weapon/ Lock-On |
L2 |
| Take Cover |
R1 |
| Grenade/Sticky Bomb |
L2 + D-Pad Left / Touch-Pad Swipe Up |
| Light Melee Attack |
Circle |
| Heavy Melee Attack |
R2 |
| Melee Dodge |
Square |
| Fire Weapon |
R2 |
| Reload |
Circle |
| Toggle weapon accessory |
D-Pad Right (while aiming) |
| Sniper/Camera Zoom in |
D-Pad Up (while aiming) |
| Sniper/Camera Zoom in |
D-Pad Down (while aiming) |
</table.
Vehicle Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Weapon Wheel |
L1 (Hold) |
| Next Weapon |
D-Pad Right |
| Previous weapon |
D-Pad Left |
</table.
Other Vehicle Controls
| Action |
Primary |
Secondary |
| Exit Vehicle |
Triangle |
|
| Next Vehicle Weapon |
Square |
|
| Look Behind (in Vehicle) |
R3 |
|
| Next Radio Station |
D-Pad Left |
Touch Pad Swipe Up |
| Previous Radio Station |
|
Touch Pad Swipe Down |
| Cinematic Camera |
Circle |
|
| Radio Wheel |
D-Pad Left (Hold) |
|
| Cinematic Slowmo |
R3 |
|
| Duck |
X |
|
| Stunt Jump Slow Motion Speed Up |
Right Stick Up |
|
| Stunt Jump Slow Motion Speed Down |
Right Stick Down |
|
</table.
Aircraft Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Accelerate |
R2 |
|
| Brake |
L2 |
| Steer Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Steer Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Lean/Tilt Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Lean/Tilt Backward |
Left Stick Down |
| Fire drive-by weapon |
L1 + R1 |
| Aim drive-by weapon |
L1 |
| Headlights |
D-Pad Right |
| Handbrake |
R1 |
| Horn |
L3 |
| Bicycle Sprint |
X (Tap Repeatedly) |
| Bicycle Front Break |
L2 |
| Convertible raise/lower top |
Hold D-Pad Right (when stopped) |
</table.
Submersible Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Aircraft Throttle Up |
R2 |
| Aircraft Throttle Down |
L2 |
| Aircraft Yaw Left |
L1 |
| Aircraft Yaw Right |
R1 |
| Aircraft Roll Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Aircraft Roll Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Aircraft Pitch Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Aircraft Pitch Back |
Left Stick Down |
| Aircraft Fire |
Square |
| Aircraft Target Left |
L1 |
| Aircraft Target Right |
R1 |
| Toggle Landing Gear |
L3 |
| Aircraft Grappling Hook/VTOL Mode |
L3 (Hold) |
| Toggle Aircraft Weapon Camera |
Press R3 Button |
</table.
Parachute Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Sub Throttle Up |
R2 |
| Sub Throttle Down |
L2 |
| Sub Hard Turn Left |
L1 |
| Sub Hard Turn Right |
R1 |
| Sub Turn Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Sub Turn Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Sub Pitch Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Sub Pitch Back |
Left Stick Down |
| Sub Ascend |
Square |
| Sub Descend |
X |
</table.
Cellphone Commands
| Action |
Primary |
| Parachute Pitch Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Parachute Pitch Back |
Left Stick Down |
| Parachute Turn Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Parachute Turn Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Parachute Deploy |
X |
| Parachute Detach |
Triangle |
| Parachute Break Left |
L1 |
| Parachute Break Right |
R1 |
| Parachute Precision Control |
L1 + R1 |
| Parachute Smoke |
X (Hold) |
</table.
GTA Online Keys
| Action |
Primary |
| Use Phone |
D-Pad Up |
| Phone Up |
D-Pad Up |
| Phone Down |
D-Pad Down |
| Phone Left |
D-Pad Left |
| Phone Right |
D-Pad Right |
| Phone Select |
X |
| Phone Cancel |
Circle |
| Phone Special Option |
Square |
| Phone Scroll Forward |
Right Stick Up |
| Phone Scroll Back |
Right Stick Down |
| Change Mode (Camera) |
Press R3 Button |
| Change Expression (Camera) |
Press L3 Button |
| Toggle Grid (Camera) |
R1 |
| Adjust Depth of Field (Camera) |
L1 |
</table.
Director Mode
| Action |
Primary |
| Point at |
Double Press R3 Button |
| Drop weapon |
L1 + Triangle |
| Drop Ammunition |
L1 + Circle |
| Action |
Primary |
| Director Mode Menu |
Create Button (Hold) |
| Speed Control |
Editor |
| Action |
L3 + R3 |
Recording
| Action |
Primary |
| Start Recording |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Stop Recording |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Action Replay ON |
D-Pad Down + Square |
| Action Replay OFF |
D-Pad Down + Square |
| Action Replay SAVE |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Cancel Recording |
D-Pad Down + Circle |
Timeline Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Switch menu/times |
Circle |
| Playhead Control |
Left Stick |
| Navigation |
D-Pad / Left Stick |
| Pick Clip |
Square |
| Place Clip |
X |
| Duplicate Clip |
Press L3 Button |
| Edit Clip |
X |
| Delete Clip |
Triangle |
| Trim Audio / Text Start |
L1 (Hold) |
| Trim Audio / Text End |
R1 (hold) |
| Manual Trim Clip |
Holding L1/R1 + Right Stick |
| Trim Audio Clip Snap |
Holding L1/R1 + D-Pad Left and Right |
| Audio Preview |
R2 |
| Stop Audio Preview |
R2 |
Clip Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Play |
R2 |
| Pause |
R2 |
| Cycle Markers |
L1 and R1 |
| Add Marker |
X |
| Select Marker |
X |
| Delete Marker |
Triangle |
| Move Marker |
Hold R1 + D-Pad Left and Right / Right Stick |
| Scrub |
Right Stick |
| Fine Scrub |
D-Pad Left and Right |
| Hide HUD |
Press R3 Button |
| Save |
Create Button |
Free Camera Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Move Camera |
Left Stick |
| Rotate Camera |
Right Stick |
| Camera Height |
L1 (Decrease) and R1 (Increase) |
| Camera Zoom |
L2 (Zoom Out) and R2 (Zoom In) |
| Camera Roll |
D-Pad Left and Right |
Xbox Controls
All Xbox console controls for GTA 5 and GTA Online:
General
</table.
Movement
| Action |
Primary |
| Pause |
Menu Button |
| Radar Zoom/Multiplayer Info |
D-Pad Down (Tap) |
| Cycle Camera |
View Button |
| Toggle Special Ability |
L3 + R3 |
| Character Selector |
D-Pad Down (Hold) |
| Interaction Menu |
View Button (Hold) |
| Start/Stop Recording |
D-Pad Down + A |
| Start/Stop Action Replay Recording |
D-Pad Down + A |
| Cancel Recording |
D-Pad Down + B |
| Context Action |
D-Pad Right |
</table.
Combat
| Action |
Primary |
| Move Forward |
Left Stick Forward |
| Move Back |
Left Stick Backward |
| Move Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Move Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Jump |
X |
| Sprint |
Tap A Repeatedly |
| Enter Vehicle |
Y |
| Stealth Mode |
Press L3 Button |
| Look Behind (on foot) |
Press R3 Button |
</table.
Weapon Selection
| Action |
Primary |
| Aim Weapon/ Lock-On |
LT |
| Take Cover |
RB |
| Grenade/Sticky Bomb |
LT + D-Pad Left |
| Light Melee Attack |
B |
| Heavy Melee Attack |
RT |
| Melee Dodge |
X |
| Fire Weapon |
RT |
| Reload |
B |
| Toggle weapon accessory |
D-Pad Right (while aiming) |
| Sniper/Camera Zoom in |
D-Pad Up (while aiming) |
| Sniper/Camera Zoom in |
D-Pad Down (while aiming) |
</table.
Vehicle Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Weapon Wheel |
LB (Hold) |
| Next Weapon |
D-Pad Right |
| Previous weapon |
D-Pad Left |
</table.
Other Vehicle Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Exit Vehicle |
Y |
| Next Vehicle Weapon |
X |
| Look Behind (in Vehicle) |
R3 |
| Next Radio Station |
D-Pad Left |
| Cinematic Camera |
B |
| Radio Wheel |
D-Pad Left (Hold) |
| Cinematic Slowmo |
R3 |
| Duck |
A |
| Stunt Jump Slow Motion Speed Up |
Right Stick Up |
| Stunt Jump Slow Motion Speed Down |
Right Stick Down |
|
</table.
Aircraft Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Accelerate |
RT |
| Brake |
LT |
| Steer Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Steer Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Lean/Tilt Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Lean/Tilt Backward |
Left Stick Down |
| Fire drive-by weapon |
LB + RB |
| Aim drive-by weapon |
LB |
| Headlights |
D-Pad Right |
| Handbrake |
RB |
| Horn |
L3 |
| Bicycle Sprint |
A (Tap Repeatedly) |
| Bicycle Front Break |
LT |
| Convertible raise/lower top |
Hold D-Pad Right (when stopped) |
</table.
Submersible Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Aircraft Throttle Up |
RT |
| Aircraft Throttle Down |
LT |
| Aircraft Yaw Left |
LB |
| Aircraft Yaw Right |
RB |
| Aircraft Roll Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Aircraft Roll Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Aircraft Pitch Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Aircraft Pitch Back |
Left Stick Down |
| Aircraft Fire |
X |
| Aircraft Target Left |
LB |
| Aircraft Target Right |
RB |
| Toggle Landing Gear |
L3 |
| Aircraft Grappling Hook/VTOL Mode |
L3 (Hold) |
| Toggle Aircraft Weapon Camera |
Press R3 Button |
</table.
Parachute Controls
| Action |
Primary |
| Sub Throttle Up |
RT |
| Sub Throttle Down |
LT |
| Sub Hard Turn Left |
LB |
| Sub Hard Turn Right |
RB |
| Sub Turn Left |
Left Stick Left |
| Sub Turn Right |
Left Stick Right |
| Sub Pitch Forward |
Left Stick Up |
| Sub Pitch Back |
Left Stick Down |
| Sub Ascend |
X |
| Sub Descend |
A |
GTA Online Keys
</table.
Director Mode
| Action |
Primary |
| Point at |
Double Press R3 Button |
| Drop weapon |
LB + Y |
| Drop Ammunition |
LB + B |
| Action |
Primary |
| Director Mode Menu |
Create Button (Hold) |
| Speed Control |
Editor |
| Action |
L3 + R3 |
Recording
| Action |
Primary |
| Start Recording |
D-Pad Down + A |
| Stop Recording |
D-Pad Down + A |
| Action Replay ON |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Action Replay OFF |
D-Pad Down + X |
| Action Replay SAVE |
D-Pad Down + A |
| Cancel Recording |
D-Pad Down + B |
Timeline Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Switch menu/times |
B |
| Playhead Control |
Left Stick |
| Navigation |
D-Pad / Left Stick |
| Pick Clip |
X |
| Place Clip |
A |
| Duplicate Clip |
Press L3 Button |
| Edit Clip |
A |
| Delete Clip |
Y |
| Trim Audio / Text Start |
LB (Hold) |
| Trim Audio / Text End |
RB (hold) |
| Manual Trim Clip |
Holding LB/RB + Right Stick |
| Trim Audio Clip Snap |
Holding LB/RB + D-Pad Left and Right |
| Audio Preview |
RT |
| Stop Audio Preview |
RT |
Action
Primary
Parachute Pitch Forward
Left Stick Up
Parachute Pitch Back
Left Stick Down
Parachute Turn Left
Left Stick Left
Parachute Turn Right
Left Stick Right
Parachute Deploy
A
Parachute Detach
Y
Parachute Break Left
LB
Parachute Break Right
RB
Parachute Precision Control
LB + RB
Parachute Smoke
A (Hold)
</table.
Cellphone Commands
</table.
Clip Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Use Phone |
D-Pad Up |
| Phone Up |
D-Pad Up |
| Phone Down |
D-Pad Down |
| Phone Left |
D-Pad Left |
| Phone Right |
D-Pad Right |
| Phone Select |
A |
| Phone Cancel |
B |
| Phone Special Option |
X |
| Phone Scroll Forward |
Right Stick Up |
| Phone Scroll Back |
Right Stick Down |
| Change Mode (Camera) |
Press R3 Button |
| Change Expression (Camera) |
Press L3 Button |
| Toggle Grid (Camera) |
RB |
| Adjust Depth of Field (Camera) |
LB |
| Action |
Primary |
| Play |
RT |
| Pause |
RT |
| Cycle Markers |
LB and RB |
| Add Marker |
A |
| Select Marker |
A |
| Delete Marker |
Y |
| Move Marker |
Hold RB + D-Pad Left and Right / Right Stick |
| Scrub |
Right Stick |
| Fine Scrub |
D-Pad Left and Right |
| Hide HUD |
Press R3 Button |
| Save |
View Button |
Free Camera Editing
| Action |
Primary |
| Move Camera |
Left Stick |
| Rotate Camera |
Right Stick |
| Camera Height |
LB (Decrease) and RB (Increase) |
| Camera Zoom |
LT (Zoom Out) and RT (Zoom In) |
| Camera Roll |
D-Pad Left and Right |
Frequently Asked Questions
How to sprint in GTA 5 and Online?
On PC, sprinting is as simple as pressing the 'Left Shift' button on the keyboard. PlayStation players can run by repeatedly pressing the 'X' button on their controller. Similarly, Xbox users can sprint by repeatedly pressing the 'A' button.
How to crouch?
In GTA 5, freely crouching on demand isn't an option. Instead, you'll automatically crouch when taking cover behind an object half your height. On PC, you can take cover by pressing 'Q' on the keyboard. On PlayStation and Xbox controllers, you can take cover by pressing the L1 and LB buttons, respectively.
How to sit down in GTA 5 and Online?
Surprisingly, sitting freely anywhere isn't an option in GTA 5 or Online. You can only sit in specific locations like your apartment couch, or office chair when operating your computer at various businesses.
